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About 60% of the United States population possesses a refractive correction aid. Although the majority of this population relies on spectacles or contact lenses, the permanent correction of refractive error is an attractive choice for many patients. It is estimated that almost 1 million patients undergo corneal refractive surgery each year in the United States alone.

Eye injury is a significant clinical problem and leading cause of severe visual impairments. It is estimated that about 55 million eye injuries occur annually worldwide, and incidence of eye trauma in the United States is estimated to be over 2 million. Cornea is outermost part of the eye, and thus most likely to sustain a damage. It is a highly specialized tissue dedicated to refract light onto the retina, and thus maintaining its transparency is a paramount.